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  To build a loop-free topology, switches (bridges) determine the root bridge and compute the port roles. To do this, the bridges use special data frames called Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) that exchange bridge IDs and root path cost information. BPDUs are exchanged regularly, typically at two second intervals, and enable switches to keep track of network topology changes and to start and stop forwarding on ports as required. Hosts should not send BPDUs to the switch ports and to avoid malfunctioning/malicious hosts from doing so, the switch can filter or block BPDUs. If you enable BPDU filtering on a port, BPDUs received on that port are dropped but other network traffic is forwarded as usual.  If you enable BPDU blocking on a port, BPDUs received on that port are dropped and the port is shut down. Port Roles in RSTP Root Port (one per bridge): The forwarding port on each bridge which is on the best path to reach the root bridge. Designated Port: The forwarding port for each LAN

  The simultaneous growth in availability of big data and in the number of simultaneous users on the Internet places particular pressure on the need to carry out computing tasks “in parallel,” or simultaneously. Parallel and distributed computing occurs across many different topic areas in computer science, including algorithms, computer architecture, networks, operating systems, and software engineering. During the early 21st century there was explosive growth in multiprocessor design and other strategies for complex applications to run faster. Parallel and distributed computing builds on fundamental systems concepts, such as concurrency, mutual exclusion, consistency in state/memory manipulation, message-passing, and shared-memory models. Creating a multiprocessor from a number of single CPUs requires physical links and a mechanism for communication among the processors so that they may operate in parallel. Tightly coupled multiprocessors share memory and hence may communicate by sto

  Use the End Task feature to clean up unneeded apps and processes running in Task Manager on your Windows 8 computer. However, should proceed with caution. When forcing an app to close in this way, you lose any unsaved data. If you force an important system process to end, elements of your computer may stop working properly. Only close processes you've researched to ensure they're not essential to the running of your computer. Step 1 Press "Ctrl-Shift-Esc" to launch Task Manager. You can also open Task Manager by typing "Task" on the Start screen and then clicking "Task Manager" on the Apps list. Step 2 Click the "More Details" button in the bottom-left corner of Task Manager to display all of the program's tabs. Step 3 Select the application or process you want to close. Apps are listed under the Apps heading. Processes are listed under the Background Processes heading. Step 4 Click the "End Task" button in the bottom-righ

Here's a list of four of the best programs for Monitoring your LAN and Local Network Traffic inside of your Perimeter. We've really focused on software packages that have management and monitoring capabilities dedicated to a LAN. The Network Performance Monitor by SolarWinds is an excellent overall tool for keeping a close eye on the health of your network. It boasts a strong variety of monitoring tools and a very robust alert system – which means you have to spend less time actively watching your network and can depend on the software to clue you in when something is amiss! The software even lets you customize your own alerts so that you can tailor your awareness to the specific needs of your network's use. This software is all about helping you predict and, ideally, prevent network downtime. It also offers some ability to monitor the actual traffic on your network but focuses heavily on up-time and device management. It also has some handy tools for deploying and monitori

  The operating system of your iDevice is always protected against viruses. The closed environment with its hidden file system makes it much harder for hackers to place a virus than a Windows PC or Android smartphone. In addition, you only need to load your apps from the App Store. Apple scrupulously checks every software. New programs are released for use only when everything is OK. Unlike Windows and Android, iOS does not require you to be afraid of viruses and other malware that can damage or disable your system. However, your data is not always necessarily in a safe place on iOS. Most recently, in 2019, a  major security vulnerability was  discovered in iOS that gave hackers access to a host of sensitive data, including contact data and WhatsApp chats. The hacker's favorite: The jailbreak Manipulate the system by  jailbreaking , open hackers the door to your smartphone. The file system is open here and is especially vulnerable to malicious attacks. What a jailbreak is and what

  Virus free apps on the iPhone - is iOS safe? The operating system of your iDevice is always protected against viruses. The closed environment with its hidden file system makes it much harder for hackers to place a virus than a Windows PC or Android smartphone. In addition, you only need to load your apps from the App Store. Apple scrupulously checks every software. New programs are released for use only when everything is OK. Unlike Windows and Android, iOS does not require you to be afraid of viruses and other malware that can damage or disable your system. However, your data is not always necessarily in a safe place on iOS. Most recently, in 2019, a  major security vulnerability was  discovered in iOS that gave hackers access to a host of sensitive data, including contact data and WhatsApp chats. The hacker's favorite: The jailbreak Manipulate the system by  jailbreaking , open hackers the door to your smartphone. The file system is open here and is especially vulnerable to mal